GENERAL PART

SECTION TWO. GROUNDS FOR LIABILITY

CHAPTER 7. CRIMINAL COMPLICITY

Article 27. Notion of Criminal Complicity

Criminal complicity shall be intentional commission of a crime by at least two persons.


Article 28. Types of Accomplices

Accomplices shall be committers of the crime as well as heads for, and instigators and helpmates thereof.

Committer shall be a person who, in part or in full, committed a crime alone or using other persons, which are not liable under this Code, or by other means.

Head for crime shall be a person who directed preparation and commission of the crime. Instigator shall be a person who tempted somebody to commission of a crime.

Helpmate shall be a person who assisted commission of a crime with advices, directions, providing with tools or removing obstacles, as well as who promised in advance to conceal a criminal or objects obtained illegally or promised to purchase or distribute them.


Article 29. Forms of Complicity

Forms of complicity shall be, as follows: simple complicity, compound complicity, an organized group, and a criminal community. Simple complicity shall be participation of two or three persons in commission of a crime without a previous concert.

Compound complicity shall be participation of two or three persons in commission of a crime by previous concert. Organized crime group shall be a previous association of at least two people into a group for a joint criminal activity. Criminal community shall be a previous association of at least two groups for criminal activity.


Article 30. Limits of Liability for Complicity

Heads for crime, instigators and helpmates shall be subject to liability under the same Article of the Special Part of this Code, as committers.

Heads for crime, as well as members of a criminal group organized by previous concert, organized criminal group, or criminal community, shall be subject to liability for all crimes, of which preparation or commission they participated.

Persons who established an organized group or criminal community, or directed thereof, shall be subject to liability for all crimes, in preparation or commission of which they participated.

For commission of an act, which is out of intent of other accomplices, criminal liability shall be incurred only by a person committed thereof.

Voluntary renunciation of a head for crime, instigator, or helpmate shall discharge from liability for complicity, if he took all timely measures, which he was in position to take, for prevention of the commission of the crime.


Article 31. Criminal Affiliation

Misprision to authorities of preparation, commission, or completion of a crime, not promised in advance, shall be subject to liability only in the instances envisaged by Article 241 of this Code.

Concealment of a criminal, tools and instruments, or traces of crime, as well as illegally obtained objects shall be subject to liability only in the instances envisaged by Article 241 of this Code.

Close relatives shall not be subject to liability for misprision of a crime not promised in advance and concealment.

Article 25
Individual criminal responsibility
3. In accordance with this Statute, a person shall be criminally responsible and liable for punishment for a crime within the jurisdiction of the Court if that person:
(a) Commits such a crime, whether as an individual, jointly with another or through another person, regardless of whether that other person is criminally responsible.