CHAPTER III — CRIMINAL OFFENCES

PART 12 — OFFENCES AGAINST THE INTERNATIONAL ORDER

Division 1 — Purpose of this Part

76.— (2) Any law providing for the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court in Fiji is to be complementary to the jurisdiction of Fiji with respect to offences in this Division (and any other law prescribing such offences) that are also crimes within the jurisdiction of that Court.

CHAPTER III — CRIMINAL OFFENCES

PART 12 — OFFENCES AGAINST THE INTERNATIONAL ORDER

Division 3 — Crimes Against Humanity

Crime against humanity—murder

82. A person (the perpetrator) commits an indictable offence if—

(a) the perpetrator causes the death of one or more persons ; and
(b) the perpetrator’s conduct is committed intentionally or knowingly as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against a civilian population.

Penalty — Imprisonment for life.

Crime against humanity—extermination

83.— (1) A person (the perpetrator) commits an indictable offence if—

(a) the perpetrator causes the death of one or more persons ; and
(b) the perpetrator’s conduct constitutes, or takes place as part of, a mass killing of members of a civilian population ; and
(c) the perpetrator’s conduct is committed intentionally or knowingly as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against a civilian population.

Penalty — Imprisonment for life.

(2) In sub-section (1)—
“causes the death of” includes causes death by intentionally inflicting conditions of life (such as the deprivation of access to food or medicine) intended to bring about the destruction of part of a population.

Crime against humanity—enslavement

84.— (1) A person (the perpetrator) commits an indictable offence if—

(a) the perpetrator exercises any or all of the powers attaching to the right of ownership over one or more persons (including the exercise of a power in the course of trafficking in persons,in particular women and children) ; and
(b) the perpetrator’s conduct is committed intentionally or knowingly as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against a civilian population.

Penalty — Imprisonment for 25 years.

(2) In sub-section (1)—
“exercises any or all of the powers attaching to the right of ownership” over a person includes purchases, sells, lends or barters a person or imposes on a person a similar deprivation of liberty and also includes exercise a power arising from a debt incurred or contract made by a person.

Crime against humanity—deportation or forcible transfer of population

85.—(1) A person (the perpetrator) commits an indictable offence if—

(a) the perpetrator forcibly displaces one or more persons, by expulsion or other coercive acts, from an area in which the person or persons are lawfully present to another country or location ; and
(b) the forcible displacement is contrary to paragraph 4 of article 12 or article 13 of the Covenant ; and
(c) the perpetrator knows of, or is reckless as to, the factual circumstances that establish the lawfulness of the presence of the person or persons in the area ; and
(d) the perpetrator’s conduct is committed intentionally or knowingly as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against a civilian population.

Penalty — Imprisonment for 17 years.

(2) Strict liability applies to paragraph (1)(b).

(3) In sub-section (1)— “forcibly displaces one or more persons” includes displaces one or more persons—

(a) by threat of force or coercion (such as that caused by fear of violence, duress, detention, psychological oppression or abuse of power) against the person or persons or against another person ; or
(b) by taking advantage of a coercive environment.

Crime against humanity—imprisonment or other severe deprivation of physical liberty

86.— (1) A person (the perpetrator) commits an indictable offence if—

(a) the perpetrator imprisons one or more persons or otherwise severely deprives one or more persons of physical liberty ; and
(b) the perpetrator’s conduct violates article 9, 14 or 15 of the Covenant ; and
(c) the perpetrator’s conduct is committed intentionally or knowingly as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against a civilian population.

Penalty — Imprisonment for 17 years.

(2) Strict liability applies to paragraph (1 )(b).

Crime against humanity—torture

87. A person (the perpetrator) commits an indictable offence if—

(a) the perpetrator inflicts severe physical or mental pain or suffering upon one or more persons who are in the custody or under the control of the perpetrator ; and
(b) the pain or suffering does not arise only from, and is not inherent in or incidental to, lawful sanctions ; and
(c) the perpetrator’s conduct is committed intentionally or knowingly as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against a civilian population.

Penalty — Imprisonment for 25 years.

Crime against humanity—rape

88.— (1) A person (the perpetrator) commits an indictable offence if—

(a) the perpetrator sexually penetrates another person without the consent of that person ; and
(b) the perpetrator knows of, or is reckless as to, the lack of consent ; and
(c) the perpetrator’s conduct is committed intentionally or knowingly as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against a civilian population.

Penalty — Imprisonment for 25 years.

(2) A person (the perpetrator) commits an indictable offence if—

(a) the perpetrator causes another person to sexually penetrate the perpetrator without the consent of the other person ; and
(b) the perpetrator knows of, or is reckless as to, the lack of consent ; and
(c) the perpetrator’s conduct is committed intentionally or knowingly as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against a civilian population.

Penalty — Imprisonment for 25 years.

(3) In this section—
“consent” means free and voluntary agreement.

(4) Without limiting the generality of the references to consent in this section, a person does not consent to an act if—

(a) the person submits to the act because of force or the fear of force to the person or to someone else ;
(b) the person submits to the act because the person is unlawfully detained ;
(c) the person is asleep or unconscious, or is so affected by alcohol or another drug as to be incapable of consenting ;
(d) the person is incapable of understanding the essential nature of the act ;
(e) the person is mistaken about the essential nature of the act (for example, the person mistakenly believes that the act is for medical or hygienic purposes) ;
(f) the person submits to the act because of psychological oppression or abuse of power ;
(g) the person submits to the act because of the perpetrator taking advantage of a coercive environment.

(5) In this section—
“sexually penetrate” means—

(a) penetrate (to any extent) the genitalia or anus of a person by any part of the body of another person or by any object manipulated by that other person ; or
(b) penetrate (to any extent) the mouth of a person by the penis of another person ; or
(c) continue to sexually penetrate as defined in paragraph (a) or (b).

(6) In this section, being reckless as to a lack of consent to sexual penetration includes not giving any thought to whether or not the person is consenting to sexual penetration.

(7) In this section, the genitalia or other parts of the body of a person include surgically constructed genitalia or other parts of the body of the person.

Crime against humanity—sexual slavery

89.— (1) A person (the perpetrator) commits an indictable offence if—

(a) the perpetrator causes another person to enter into or remain in sexual slavery ; and
(b) the perpetrator intends to cause, or is reckless as to causing, that sexual slavery ; and
(c) the perpetrator’s conduct is committed intentionally or knowingly as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against a civilian population.

Penalty — Imprisonment for 25 years.

(2) for the purposes of this section, sexual slavery is the condition of a person who provides sexual services and who, because of the use of force or threats—

(a) is not free to cease providing sexual services ; or
(b) is not free to leave the place or area where the person provides sexual services .

(3) In this section—
“sexual service” means the use or display of the body of the person providing the service for the sexual gratification of others.
“threat” means—
(a) a threat of force ; or
(b) a threat to cause a person’s deportatio ; or
(c) a threat of any other detrimental action unless there are reasonable grounds for the threat of that action in connection with the provision of sexual services by a person.

Crime against humanity—enforced prostitution

90.—(1) A person (the perpetrator) commits an indictable offence if—

(a) the perpetrator causes one or more persons to engage in one or more acts of a sexual nature without the consent of the person or persons, including by being reckless as to whether there is consent ; and
(b) the perpetrator intends that he or she, or another person, will obtain pecuniary or other advantage in exchange for, or in connection with, the acts of a sexual nature ; and
(c) the perpetrator’s conduct is committed intentionally or knowingly as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against a civilian population.

Penalty — Imprisonment for 25 years.

(2) In sub-section (1)—
“consent” means free and voluntary agreement.

(3) Without limiting the generality of the references to consent in this section, a person does not consent to an act if—

(a) the person submits to the act because of force or the fear of force to the person or to someone else ;
(b) the person submits to the act because the person is unlawfully detained ;
(c) the person is asleep or unconscious, or is so affected by alcohol or another drug as to be incapable of consenting ;
(d) the person is incapable of understanding the essential nature of the act ;
(e) the person is mistaken about the essential nature of the act (for example, the person mistakenly believes that the act is for medical or hygienic purposes) ;
(f) the person submits to the act because of psychological oppression or abuse of power ;
(g) the person submits to the act because of the perpetrator taking advantage of a coercive environment.

(4) In this section “threat of force or coercion” includes—

(a) a threat of force or coercion such as that caused by fear of violence, duress, detention, psychological oppression or abuse of power ; or
(b) taking advantage of a coercive environment.

(5) In sub-section (1), being reckless as to whether there is consent to one or more acts of a sexual nature includes not giving any thought to whether or not the person or persons are consenting to engaging in the act or acts of a sexual nature.

Crime against humanity—forced pregnancy

91.— (1) A person (the perpetrator) commits an indictable offence if —

(a) the perpetrator unlawfully confines one or more women forcibly made pregnant ; and
(b) the perpetrator intends to affect the ethnic composition of any population or to destroy, wholly or partly, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such ; and
(c) the perpetrator’s conduct is committed intentionally or knowingly as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against a civilian population.

Penalty — Imprisonment for 25 years.

(2) In sub-section (1)—
“forcibly made pregnant” includes made pregnant by a consent that was affected by deception or by natural, induced or age-related incapacity.

Crime against humanity—enforced sterilisation

92.— (1) A person (the perpetrator) commits an indictable offence if —

(a) the perpetrator deprives one or more persons of biological reproductive capacity; and
(b) the deprivation is not effected by a birth-control measure that has a non-permanent effect in practice ; and
(c) the perpetrator’s conduct is neither justified by the medical or hospital treatment of the person or persons nor carried out with the consent of the person or persons ; and
(d) the perpetrator’s conduct is committed intentionally or knowingly as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against a civilian population.

Penalty — Imprisonment for 25 years.

(2) In sub-section (1)—
“consent” does not include consent effected by deception or by natural, induced or age-related incapacity.

Crime against humanity—sexual violence

93.—(1) A person (the perpetrator) commits an indictable offence if—

(a) the perpetrator does either of the following—
(i) commits an act or acts of a sexual nature against one or more persons ;
(ii) causes one or more persons to engage in an act or acts of a sexual nature ;
without the consent of the person or persons, including by being reckless as to whether there is consent ; and
(b) the perpetrator’s conduct is of a gravity comparable to the offences referred to in sections 88 to 92 ; and
(c) the perpetrator’s conduct is committed intentionally or knowingly as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against a civilian population.

Penalty — Imprisonment for 25 years.

(2) In sub-section (1)—
“consent” means free and voluntary agreement.

(3) Without limiting the generality of the references to consent in this section, a person does not consent to an act if—

(a) the person submits to the act because of force or the fear of force to the person or to someone else ;
(b) the person submits to the act because the person is unlawfully detained ;
(c) the person is asleep or unconscious, or is so affected by alcohol or another drug as to be incapable of consenting ;
(d) the person is incapable of understanding the essential nature of the act ;
(e) the person is mistaken about the essential nature of the act (for example, the person mistakenly believes that the act is for medical or hygienic purposes) ;
(f) the person submits to the act because of psychological oppression or abuse of power ;
(g) the person submits to the act because of the perpetrator taking advantage of a coercive environment.

(4) In this section “threat of force or coercion” includes—

(a) a threat of force or coercion such as that caused by fear of violence, duress, detention, psychological oppression or abuse of power ; or
(b) taking advantage of a coercive environment.

(5) In sub-section (1), being reckless as to whether there is consent to one or more acts of a sexual nature includes not giving any thought to whether or not the person or persons are consenting to engaging in the act or acts of a sexual nature.

Crime against humanity—persecution

94.— (1) A person (the perpetrator) commits an indictable offence if —

(a) the perpetrator severely deprives one or more persons of any of the rights referred to in paragraph (b) ; and
(b) the rights are those guaranteed in articles 6, 7, 8 and 9, paragraph 2 of article 14, article 18, paragraph 2 of article 20, paragraph 2 of article 23 and article 27 of the Covenant ; and
(c) the perpetrator targets the person or persons by reason of the identity of a group or collectivity or targets the group or collectivity as such ; and
(d) the grounds on which the targeting is based are political, racial, national, ethnic, cultural, religious, gender or other grounds that are recognised in paragraph 1 of article 2 of the Covenant ; and
(e) the perpetrator’s conduct is committed in connection with another act that is :
(i) a proscribed inhumane act ; or
(ii) genocide ; and
(f) the perpetrator’s conduct is committed intentionally or knowingly as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against a civilian population.

Penalty — Imprisonment for 17 years.

(2) Strict liability applies to —

(a) the physical element of the offence referred to in sub-section (1 )(a) that the rights are those referred to in sub-section (1)(b) ; and
(b) sub-sections (1)(b) and (d).

Crime against humanity—enforced disappearance of persons

95.— (1) A person (the perpetrator ) commits an indictable offence if—

(a) the perpetrator arrests, detains or abducts one or more persons ; and
(b) the arrest, detention or abduction is carried out by, or with the authorisation, support or acquiescence of, the government of a country or a political organisation ; and
(c) the perpetrator intends to remove the person or persons from the protection of the law for a prolonged period of time ; and
(d) the perpetrator’s conduct is committed intentionally or knowingly as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against a civilian population ; and
(e) after the arrest, detention or abduction, the government or organisation refuses to acknowledge the deprivation of freedom of, or to give information on the fate or whereabouts of, the person or persons.

Penalty — Imprisonment for 17 years.

(2) A person (the perpetrator) commits an indictable offence if—

(a) one or more persons have been arrested, detained or abducted ; and
(b) the arrest, detention or abduction was carried out by, or with the authorisation, support or acquiescence of, the government of a country or a political organisation ; and
(c) the perpetrator refuses to acknowledge the deprivation of freedom, or to give information on the fate or whereabouts, of the person or persons ; and
(d) the refusal occurs with the authorisation, support or acquiescence of the government of the country or the political organisation ; and
(e) the perpetrator knows that, or is reckless as to whether, the refusal was preceded or accompanied by the deprivation of freedom ; and
(f) the perpetrator intends that the person or persons be removed from the protection of the law for a prolonged period of time ; and
(g) the arrest, detention or abduction occurred, and the refusal occurs, as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against a civilian population ; and
(h) the perpetrator knows that the refusal is part of, or intends the refusal to be part of, such an attack.

Penalty — Imprisonment for 17 years.

Crime against humanity—apartheid

96. A person (the perpetrator) commits an indictable offence if—

(a) the perpetrator commits against one or more persons an act that is a proscribed inhumane act, or an act that is of a nature and gravity similar to any such proscribed inhumane act ; and
(b) the perpetrator’s conduct is committed in the context of an institutionalised regime of systematic oppression and domination by one racial group over any other racial group or groups ; and
(c) the perpetrator knows of, or is reckless as to, the factual circumstances that establish the character of the act ; and
(d) the perpetrator intends to maintain the regime by the conduct ; and
(e) the perpetrator’s conduct is committed intentionally or knowingly as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against a civilian population.

Penalty — Imprisonment for 17 years.

Crime against humanity—other inhumane act

97. A person (the perpetrator) commits an indictable offence if—

(a) the perpetrator causes great suffering, or serious injury to body or to mental or physical health, by means of an inhumane act ; and
(b) the act is of a character similar to another proscribed inhumane act ; and
(c) the perpetrator’s conduct is committed intentionally or knowingly as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against a civilian population.

Penalty — Imprisonment for 25 years.

CHAPTER III — CRIMINAL OFFENCES

PART 12 — OFFENCES AGAINST THE INTERNATIONAL ORDER

Division 4 — Miscellaneous Provisions Applying to Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity

Defence of superior orders

98. The fact that genocide or a crime against humanity has been committed by a person pursuant to an order of a Government or of a superior (whether military or civilian) does not relieve the person of criminal responsibility.

Geographical jurisdiction

99. A person commits an offence against all sections of Divisions 2 and 3 of this Part—

(a) whether or not the conduct constituting the alleged offence occurs in Fiji ; and
(b) whether or not a result of the conduct constituting the alleged offence occurs in Fiji.

Double jeopardy

100. A person cannot be tried by the High Court for an offence under Divisions 2 and 3 of this Part if the person has already been convicted or acquitted, in accordance with the laws of Fiji, by the International Criminal Court for an offence constituted by substantially the same conduct as constituted the offence under Divisions 2 and 3 of this Part.

Bringing proceedings under this Part and Part 10

101. Proceedings for an offence under Divisions 2 and 3 of this Part and Part 10 must not be commenced without the written consent of the Director of Public Prosecutions.

Article 5
Crimes within the jurisdiction of the Court
1. The jurisdiction of the Court shall be limited to the most serious crimes of concern to the international community as a whole. The Court has jurisdiction in accordance with this Statute with respect to the following crimes:
(b) Crimes against humanity

Article 7
Crimes against humanity
1. For the purpose of this Statute, "crime against humanity" means any of the following acts when committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against any civilian population, with knowledge of the attack:
(a) Murder;
(b) Extermination;
(c) Enslavement;
(d) Deportation or forcible transfer of population;
(e) Imprisonment or other severe deprivation of physical liberty in violation of fundamental rules of international law;
(f) Torture;
(g) Rape, sexual slavery, enforced prostitution, forced pregnancy, enforced sterilization, or any other form of sexual violence of comparable gravity;
(h) Persecution against any identifiable group or collectivity on political, racial, national, ethnic, cultural, religious, gender as defined in paragraph 3, or other grounds that are universally recognized as impermissible under international law, in connection with any act referred to in this paragraph or any crime within the jurisdiction of the Court;
(i) Enforced disappearance of persons;
(j) The crime of apartheid;
(k) Other inhumane acts of a similar character intentionally causing great suffering, or serious injury to body or to mental or physical health.
2. For the purpose of paragraph 1:
(a) "Attack directed against any civilian population" means a course of conduct involving the multiple commission of acts referred to in paragraph 1 against any civilian population, pursuant to or in furtherance of a State or organizational policy to commit such attack;
(b) "Extermination" includes the intentional infliction of conditions of life, inter alia the deprivation of access to food and medicine, calculated to bring about the destruction of part of a population;
(c) "Enslavement" means the exercise of any or all of the powers attaching to the right of ownership over a person and includes the exercise of such power in the course of trafficking in persons, in particular women and children;
(d) "Deportation or forcible transfer of population" means forced displacement of the persons concerned by expulsion or other coercive acts from the area in which they are lawfully present, without grounds permitted under international law;
(e) "Torture" means the intentional infliction of severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, upon a person in the custody or under the control of the accused; except that torture shall not include pain or suffering arising only from, inherent in or incidental to, lawful sanctions;
(f) "Forced pregnancy" means the unlawful confinement of a woman forcibly made pregnant, with the intent of affecting the ethnic composition of any population or carrying out other grave violations of international law. This definition shall not in any way be interpreted as affecting national laws relating to pregnancy;
(g) "Persecution" means the intentional and severe deprivation of fundamental rights contrary to international law by reason of the identity of the group or collectivity;
(h) "The crime of apartheid" means inhumane acts of a character similar to those referred to in paragraph 1, committed in the context of an institutionalized regime of systematic oppression and domination by one racial group over any other racial group or groups and committed with the intention of maintaining that regime;
(i) "Enforced disappearance of persons" means the arrest, detention or abduction of persons by, or with the authorization, support or acquiescence of, a State or a political organization, followed by a refusal to acknowledge that deprivation of freedom or to give information on the fate or whereabouts of those persons, with the intention of removing them from the protection of the law for a prolonged period of time.
3. For the purpose of this Statute, it is understood that the term "gender" refers to the two sexes, male and female, within the context of society. The term "gender" does not indicate any meaning different from the above.