BOOK 1
GENERAL PROVISIONS

PART II
RULES AS TO CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY

TITLE 11
GENERAL EXPLANATIONS

Provisions relating to negligence

13. (1) A person causes an event negligently if, without intending to cause the event, he causes it by voluntary act, done without such skill and precaution as are reasonably necessary under the circumstances, or as he is in the particular case bound by law to have and use, for preventing the event from being caused.

BOOK 1
GENERAL PROVISIONS

PART II
RULES AS TO CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY

TITLE 11
GENERAL EXPLANATIONS

Provisions relatig to negligence

13. (2) Moreover, if an act is such that, not withstanding the use of skill and precaution, it is likely to cause an event which there is no justification for causing, the act (if not done with intent to cause that event) is negligently done with reference to causing that event, even though it be done with skill and precaution.

Provisions relating to causing en event

14. (1) If a person intentionally or negligently causes any involuntary agent to cause an event, that person shall be deemed to have caused the event. "Involuntary agent" means any animal or other thing, and also any person who is exempted from liability to punishment for causing the event, by reason of infancy, or insanity, or otherwise, under the provisions of Title VI. of this Code.

(2) If an event is caused by the acts of several persons acting either jointly or independently, each of those persons who has intentionally or negligently contributed to cause the event shall, subject to the provisions of the next subsection of this section and to the provisions of Title V. of this Code with respect to abetment, be deemed to have caused the event ; but any matter of exemption, justification, extenuation or aggravation which exists in the case of any one of those persons shall have effect in his case, whether it exists or not in the case of any of the other persons.

BOOK 1
GENERAL PROVISIONS

PART II
RULES AS TO CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY

TITLE 11
GENERAL EXPLANATIONS

Provisions relating to causing an event

14. (6) A person shall not, by reason of anything in this section, he relieved from any liability in respect of an attempt to cause an event : and a person shall not. by reason of anything in this section, be relieved from any liability in respect of negligent conduct, if such negligent conduct is punishable under this Code irrespective of whether it actually causes any event.