BOOK 1
GENERAL PROVISIONS

PART II
RULES AS TO CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY

TITLE 11
GENERAL EXPLANATIONS

12. (1) If a person does an act for the purpose of thereby causing or contributing to cause an event, he intends to cause that event. within the meaning of this Code, although either in fact or in his belief, or both in fact and also in his belief, the act is unlikely to cause or to contribute to cause the event.

(2) If a person noes an act voluntarily, believing that it will probably cause or contribute to cause an event, he intends to cause that event, within the meaning of this Code, although he does not do the act for the purpose of causing or of contributing to cause the event.

BOOK 1
GENERAL PROVISIONS

PART II
RULES AS TO CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY

TITLE 11
GENERAL EXPLANATIONS

12. (4) If a person intending to cause an event with respect to one or some of several persons or things, or to such indeterminate person or thing as may happen to be affected by his act, causes such event with respect to any such person or thing, he shall be liable in the same manner as if he had intended to cause the event with respect to that person or thing.

(5) If a person does an act with intent to assault, harm, kill or cause any other event to a particular person, and his act happens to take effect, whether completely or incompletely, against a different person, he shall be liable to be tried and punished as if his intent had been directed against that different person ;

BOOK 1
GENERAL PROVISIONS

PART II
RULES AS TO CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY

TITLE 11
GENERAL EXPLANATIONS

Provisions relatig to negligence

13. (2) Moreover, if an act is such that, not withstanding the use of skill and precaution, it is likely to cause an event which there is no justification for causing, the act (if not done with intent to cause that event) is negligently done with reference to causing that event, even though it be done with skill and precaution.

Provisions relating to causing en event

14. (1) If a person intentionally or negligently causes any involuntary agent to cause an event, that person shall be deemed to have caused the event. "Involuntary agent" means any animal or other thing, and also any person who is exempted from liability to punishment for causing the event, by reason of infancy, or insanity, or otherwise, under the provisions of Title VI. of this Code.

(2) If an event is caused by the acts of several persons acting either jointly or independently, each of those persons who has intentionally or negligently contributed to cause the event shall, subject to the provisions of the next subsection of this section and to the provisions of Title V. of this Code with respect to abetment, be deemed to have caused the event ; but any matter of exemption, justification, extenuation or aggravation which exists in the case of any one of those persons shall have effect in his case, whether it exists or not in the case of any of the other persons.