Ethiopia

The Criminal Code of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

PART II

SPECIAL PART

BOOK III

CRIMES AGAINST THE STATE OR AGAINST NATIONAL OR INTERNATIONAL INTERESTS

TITLE II

CRIMES IN VIOLATION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW

CHAPTER I

FUNDAMENTAL CRIMES

Article 270.- War Crimes against the Civilian Population.

Whoever, in time of war, armed conflict or occupation organizes, orders or engages in, against the civilian population and in violation of the rules of pubic international law and of international humanitarian conventions :

(a) killings, torture or inhuman treatment, biological experiments, or arty other involving dire suffering or bodily harm, or to mental or physical health; or

(b) wilful reduction to starvation, destitution or general ruination through the depreciation counterfeiting or systematic debasement of currency ; or

(c) the compulsory movement or dispersion of population, its systematic deportation, transfer
detention in concentration camps or forced labour camps ; or

(d) forcible enlistment in the enemy's defence forces, intelligence services or administration ; or

(e) denationalization or forcible religious conversion; or

(f) compulsion to acts of prostitution, debauchery or rape ; or

(g) measures of intimidation or terror, the taking of hostages or the imposition of collective punishments or reprisals ; or

(h) the confiscation of estates, the destruction or appropriation of property, the imposition of unlawful or arbitrary taxes or levies, or of taxes or levies disproportionate to the requirements or strict military necessity; or

(i) the confiscation, destruction, removal, rendering useless or appropriation of property such as foodstuffs, agricultural areas for the production of foodstuffs, crops, livestock, drinking water installations and supplies and irrigation works, health centres, schools ; or

(j) the destruction, removal, attack, rendering useless or appropriation of the historical monuments, works of art, or places of worship or using them in support of military effort ; or

(k) withholding the provision of clothing, bedding, means of shelter, medical supplies and other supplies essential to the survival of the civilian population of the occupied territory; or

(l) attacking, displacing, causing to disappear or mistreating persons who, before the beginning of hostilities, were considered as stateless persons or refugees under the relevant international instruments, or under the national legislation of the State of refuge or State of residence; or

(m) recruiting children who have not attained the age of eighteen years as members of defence forces to take part in armed conflict ; or

(n) using any means or method of combat against the natural environment to cause widespread, long term and severe damage and thereby to prejudice the health or survival of the population; or

(o) attacking dams, dykes, and nuclear electrical generating stations, if their attack causes the release of dangerous forces and consequent severe losses among the civilian population ; or

(p) passing of sentences and carrying out of executions without previous judgment pronounced by a regularly constituted Court which affords ail the judicial guarantees ,

is punishable with rigorous imprisonment from five years to twenty- five years, or, in more serious cases, with life imprisonment or death .

Keywords

War crimes
Grave breaches - IAC



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