The General Part

Title II
Offences

Chapter V
Participation

Participants
Art.37 – Participants are persons who contribute to the perpetration of an act provided by the criminal law as authors, instigators or accomplices.

Authors
Art.38– (1) A person committing an offence directly is an author.

(2) Should several persons commit an offence directly and together, each person shall be punished as an author.

Instigators
Art.39 – An instigator is a person who intentionally determines another person to commit an offence.

Accomplices
Art.40 – (1) An accomplice is a person who voluntarily facilitates or helps in any way in the commission of an offence.

(2) A person who promises, either before or during the commission of the offence, to conceal the proceeds emerging from it or to favour the perpetrator, even if after commission of the offence the promise is not kept, shall also be an accomplice.

Penalty for participation
Art.41 – Instigators and accomplices to an offence provided by the criminal law, committed intentionally, shall be sanctioned by the penalty provided in the law for authors. In establishing the penalty, each person’s contribution to the commission of the offence, as well as the provisions of article 87, shall be taken into account.

Real and personal circumstances
Art.42 – (1) Circumstances relating to the person of the author or that of another participant shall not be transmitted to the others.

(2) Circumstances relating to the act shall be transmitted to the participants only to the extent that they were aware of them or foresaw them.

Hindrance of perpetration

Art.43 – (1) A participant shall not be punished if he/she hinders its occurrence, during execution, but before the act is discovered.

(2) If the acts committed until the moment of hindrance make up another offence, the participant shall be punished for that offence.

Improper participation

Art.44 – (1) Determining, facilitating or helping, in any manner, voluntarily, to the commission in negligence by another, of an act provided in the criminal law, shall be sanctioned by the penalty provided in the law for the act perpetrated in intent.

(2) Determining, facilitating or helping, in any manner, voluntarily, to the commission without guilt by another, of an act provided in the criminal law, shall be sanctioned by the penalty provided in the law for that act.

(3) Provisions of art.42 and 43 apply accordingly.

Article 25
Individual criminal responsibility
1. The Court shall have jurisdiction over natural persons pursuant to this Statute.
2. A person who commits a crime within the jurisdiction of the Court shall be individually responsible and liable for punishment in accordance with this Statute.
3. In accordance with this Statute, a person shall be criminally responsible and liable for punishment for a crime within the jurisdiction of the Court if that person:
(a) Commits such a crime, whether as an individual, jointly with another or through another person, regardless of whether that other person is criminally responsible;
(b) Orders, solicits or induces the commission of such a crime which in fact occurs or is attempted;
(c) For the purpose of facilitating the commission of such a crime, aids, abets or otherwise assists in its commission or its attempted commission, including providing the means for its commission;
(d) In any other way contributes to the commission or attempted commission of such a crime by a group of persons acting with a common purpose. Such contribution shall be intentional and shall either:
(i) Be made with the aim of furthering the criminal activity or criminal purpose of the group, where such activity or purpose involves the commission of a crime within the jurisdiction of the Court; or
(ii) Be made in the knowledge of the intention of the group to commit the crime;
(e) In respect of the crime of genocide, directly and publicly incites others to commit genocide;
(f) Attempts to commit such a crime by taking action that commences its execution by means of a substantial step, but the crime does not occur because of circumstances independent of the person's intentions. However, a person who abandons the effort to commit the crime or otherwise prevents the completion of the crime shall not be liable for punishment under this Statute for the attempt to commit that crime if that person completely and voluntarily gave up the criminal purpose.
4. No provision in this Statute relating to individual criminal responsibility shall affect the responsibility of States under international law.