GENERAL PART
Chapter IV
PARTICIPATION
Article 41. Participation
Participation shall be considered the intentional cooperation of two or more persons in the commission of an intentional crime.
Article 42. Participants
(1) Participants shall be considered the persons who contribute to the commission of a crime either as the authors, organizers, instigators, or as accomplices.
(2) An author shall be considered the person who directly commits an act set forth in criminal law as well as the person who commits a crime through persons not subject to criminal liability due to their age, irresponsibility, or other reasons set forth herein.
(3) An organizer shall be considered the person who organizes the commission of a crime or manages its commission as well as the person who creates an organized criminal group or a criminal organization or manages the criminal activity thereof.
(4) An instigator shall be considered a person who by any means makes another person commit a crime.
(5) An accomplice shall be considered a person who contributes to the commission of a crime by giving advice, indications, or information and by offering means or tools or eliminating obstacles as well as the person who promises in advance that he/she will favor the criminal, hide the means or tools used to commit the crime or traces thereof or the goods obtained through criminal means, or the person who promises in advance to purchase or sell such goods.
(6) Participants must have evidence of the subject of a crime.
Article 43. Forms of Participation
Depending on the degree of coordination of the participants' actions, there are the following forms of participation :
a) simple participation ;
b) complex participation ;
c) organized criminal group ;
d) criminal organization (association).
Article 44. Simple Participation
The crime shall be considered committed with simple participation if two or more persons jointly took part in it as co-authors, each of them achieving the objective side of the crime.
Article 45. Complex Participation
(1) The crime shall be considered committed with complex participation if the participants committed it as authors, organizers, instigators, or accomplices.
(2) The objective side of the crime committed with complex participation can be achieved :
a) by one author ;
b) by two or more authors.
Article 46. Organized Criminal Group
An organized criminal group shall be a stable union of persons that organized themselves in advance in order to commit one or more crimes.
Article 47. Criminal Organization (Association)
(1) A criminal organization (association) shall be considered a union of criminal groups organized into a stable community whose activity is based on a division of the administration functions among the members of the organization and its structures for ensuring and executing the criminal intentions of the organization to exert influence over or otherwise control the economic or other activity of individuals and legal entities to derive benefits and economic, financial, or political gains.
(2) A crime shall be considered committed by a criminal organization if it was committed by one of its members for the benefit of the organization or by a person who is not a member of the respective organization and who committed the crime on the order of the organization.
(3) The organizer or leader of a criminal organization shall be considered the person who created the criminal organization or the person who manages it.
(4) The organizer or leader of a criminal organization shall be liable for all the crimes committed by such an organization.
(5) A member of a criminal organization shall be criminally liable for only the crimes in which he/she participated in the preparation or commission thereof.
(6) A member of a criminal organization may be exempted from criminal liability when he/she voluntarily exposes the existence of the criminal organization and assists in solving the crimes committed by it or contributes to identifying the organizers, leaders, or members of the respective organization.
Individual criminal responsibility
Joint commission
EDIT.