The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
GENERAL PART
7. CONFISCATION OF PROPERTY AND MATERIAL PROFITS AND CONFISCATION OF OBJECTS
1. Confiscation of property and material profits
Grounds for confiscation property gain
Article 97
(1) No one may retain the indirect and direct property gain gained through a crime.
(2) The benefit from item 1 shall be confiscated with the court decision with which the execution of the crime was determined, under the conditions foreseen by this Code.
(3) The decision to confiscate shall be passed by the court in a procedure specified by law also in the case when, due to factual or legal reasons, it is impossible to conduct the criminal procedure with respect to the perpetrator of the crime.
(4) In accordance with the conditions specified in a ratified international agreement, the confiscated property may be returned to another country.
Confiscation of indirect property gain
Article 97-а
Apart from direct property gain the perpetrator shall be subject to confiscation of the indirect property gain, consisting of the following :
1) the property into which the proceeds of crime have been transformed or converted,
2) the property acquired from legitimate sources if proceeds of crime have been intermingled, fully or partially, with that property, up to the estimated value of the intermingled proceeds of crime, and
3) the income or other benefits derived from the proceeds of crime, from property into which such proceeds of crime have been transformed or converted or from property with which such procees of crime have been intermingled, contains the proceeds from a crime, up to the estimated value of the intermingled proceeds of crime.
Manner of confiscating
Article 98
(1) The indirect and direct proceeds of crime that include money, movable or immovable valuable items, as well as any other property, real estate or assets, tangible or non-tangible rights shall be confiscated from the perpetrator, and if confiscation is not possible, other assets shall be confiscated from the perpetrator which correspond to the value of the proceeds.
(2) The indirect and direct proceeds shall be also confiscated from third parties for whom they have been obtained by committing the crime.
(3) The proceeds of crime referred to in paragraph 1 shall be also confiscated from family members of the perpetrator to whom the proceeds were transferred, if it is obvious that they did not provide compensation that corresponds to the value of the obtained proceeds or from third parties, if they fail to prove that they paid an amount corresponding to the value of the proceeds for the item or property.
(4) The objects which have been declared as cultural heritage and natural rarities, as well as those to which the damaged party is personally attached, shall be confiscated from third persons, regardless of whether these objects have been transferred to the third parties with an appropriate compensation.
(5) The goods that are confiscated are returned to the damaged person, and if there is no damaged person, they become the property of the state.
(6) If during the criminal proceeding, the damaged person is adjudged a property and legal claim, the court shall pronounce a taking away of property gain, if this exceeds the amount of the claim.
Extended confiscation
Article 98-а
(1) The property of a perpetrator of a crime committed as part of a criminal enterprise which is subject to imprisonment of at least 4 years, as well as for a crime related to terrorism as prescribed by Articles 313, 394 – а, 394-b, 394-c and 419, subject to 5 years of imprisonment or more severe punishment or if the crime is related to money laundering, for which an imprisonment of at least 4 years is prescribed, shall be confiscated, if it was acquired within a certain period of time before the court conviction, which the court establishes according to the circumstances of the case, but not longer than 5 years before committing the crime, when based on all circumstances the court is reasonably convinced that the property is surpasses the lawful income of the perpetrator and it originates from such an act.
(2) The property referred to in paragraph (1) of this article shall be also confiscated from third parties for whom it has been obtained by committing the crime.
(3) The property referred to in paragraph (1) shall be also confiscated from family members of the perpetrator to whom it was transferred, when it is obvious that they did not provide compensation that corresponds to its value or from third parties, if they fail to prove that they paid an amount corresponding to the value of the item or property.
Enforcement of forfeiture orders
Enforcement of sentences imposed
Enforcement of national penalties - forfeiture orders
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