Part 1
GENERAL PART
Chapter 2
OFFENCE
Division 1
Necessary Elements of Offence
§ 20. Offender
Offenders are principal offenders and accomplices.
§ 21. Principal offender
(1) Principal offender is a person who commits an offence unaided or by taking advantage of another person.
(2) If at least two persons agree to commit an offence jointly, each of them shall be held liable as a principal offender (joint principal offenders). An offence is deemed to be a joint offence also if an act committed by several persons jointly and in agreement comprises the necessary elements of an offence.
§ 22. Accomplice
(1) Accomplices are abettors and aiders.
(2) An abettor is a person who intentionally induces another person to commit an intentional unlawful act.
(3) An aider is a person who intentionally provides physical, material or moral assistance to an intentional unlawful act of another person.
(4) Unless otherwise provided by § 24 of this Code, a punishment shall be imposed on an accomplice pursuant to the same provision of law which prescribes the liability of the principal offender.
(5) In the case of an aider, the court may apply the provisions of § 60 of this Code.
§ 22 1. Attempt of instigation to criminal offence, consent to proposal to commit criminal offence and agreement to commit joint criminal offence
(1) An attempt of instigation to a criminal offence, a consent to the proposal to commit a criminal offence and an agreement to commit a joint criminal offence are punishable in the case of the criminal offences provided for in Chapters 8, 9, 13, 18 and 22 and in Divisions 2, 4 and 5 of Chapter 15 of this Code for which the maximum term of punishment of at least 12 years' imprisonment or life imprisonment is prescribed.
(2) A person shall be liable for the activities specified in this section only if at least one of the parties to the activities listed in subsection (1) of this section commits an additional act with the intention to promote the commencement of commission of a criminal offence.
(3) Unless otherwise provided for in § 24 of this Code, a punishment shall be imposed on a person who makes an attempt to instigate the commission of a criminal offence pursuant to the same provision of the law which prescribes the liability of the principal offender.
(4) In case of the acts specified in subsection (1) of this section the court shall apply the provisions of § 60 of this Code or release the person from punishment on the bases provided for in subsection 26 (2) of this Code.
[ - entry into force 01.01.2009]
§ 23. Commission of misdemeanour
In the case of a misdemeanour, only the commission thereof is punishable.
§ 24. Special personal characteristics
(1) Special personal characteristics are circumstances which constitute a necessary element of an offence prescribed in the Special Part of this Code or another Act and which describe the personal characteristics, aims or motives of an offender.
(2) If an accomplice lacks the specific personal characteristics which pursuant to law constitute prerequisites for the liability of the principal offender, the provisions of § 60 of this Code shall apply to the accomplice.
(3) Special personal characteristics provided by law which aggravate, mitigate or preclude liability apply only with regard to an offender with such special personal characteristics.
§ 25. Attempt
(1) An attempt is an intentional act the purpose of which is to commit an offence.
(2) An attempt is deemed to have commenced at the moment when the person, according to the person’s understanding of the act, directly commences the commission of the offence.
(3) If an act is committed by taking advantage of another person, the attempt is deemed to have commenced at the moment when the person loses control over the events or when the intermediary directly commences the commission of the offence according to the person’s understanding of the act.
(4) In the case of a joint offence, the attempt is deemed to have commenced at the moment when at least one of the persons directly commences the commission of the offence according to the agreement of the persons.
(5) In the case of an omission, the attempt is deemed to have commenced at the moment when the person fails to perform an act which is necessary for the prevention of the consequences which constitute the necessary elements of an offence.
(6) In the case of an attempt, the court may apply the provisions of § 60 of this Code.
§ 26. Impossible attempt
(1) An attempt is impossible if it cannot be completed due to the unsuitability of the object or subject of the offence or due to the unsuitability of the object or method used to commit the offence.
(2) The court may release a person from punishment or apply the provisions of § 60 of this Code if due to his or her mental infirmity the person does not understand that the attempt is impossible.
Individual criminal responsibility
EDIT.