Estonia

The Penal Code

Part 2
SPECIAL PART

Chapter 8
OFFENCES AGAINST HUMANITY AND INTERNATIONAL SECURITY

Division 4
War Crimes

§ 97. Attacks against civilians

A person who kills, tortures, causes health damage to, rapes, compels to serve in the armed forces or participate in military operations of a hostile state, takes hostage, illegally deprives of liberty or deprives of the right to fair trial a civilian in a war zone or in an occupied territory, or displaces residents of an occupying state in an occupied territory, or displaces residents of an occupied territory, shall be punished by 6 to 20 years’ imprisonment.

Keywords

Compelling nationals of hostile party to take part in operations of war against their own country - IAC
Declaring abolished, suspended or inadmissible in a court of law the rights and actions of the nationals of a hostile party - IAC
Murder - NIAC
Mutilation - IAC
Mutilation - other serious violations of laws and customs of war - NIAC
Mutilation - serious violation of Common Article 3 - NIAC
Not affording judicial guarantees to the passing of sentences and the carrying out of executions - NIAC
Ordering displacement of the civilian population - NIAC
Rape - IAC
Rape - NIAC
Taking of hostages - IAC
Taking of hostages - NIAC
Torture - IAC
Torture - NIAC
Transferring own civilians into occupied territory - IAC
Transferring population of an occupied territory - IAC
Unlawful confinement - IAC
Unlawful deportation - IAC
Unlawful transfer - IAC
Wilful killing - IAC
Wilfully causing serious injury to body - IAC
Wilfully causing serious injury to health - IAC
Wilfully depriving a protected person of the rights of fair and regular trial - IAC
Compelling a protected person to serve in the forces of a hostile power - IAC



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